ETHYLENE, (H2C=CH2), is the simplest of the organic compounds known as alkenes, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a colourless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odour. Natural sources of ethylene include both natural gas and petroleum; it is also a naturally occurring hormone in plants, in which it inhibits growth and promotes leaf fall, and in fruits, in which it promotes ripening.

Ethylene is an important industrial organic chemical. It is produced by heating either natural gas, especially its ethane and propane components, or petroleum to 800–900 °C, giving a mixture of gases from which the ethylene is separated. The melting point of ethylene is −169.4 °C ,and its boiling point is −103.9 °C.

Ethylene use falls into two main categories: 1) as a monomer, from which longer carbon chains are constructed, and 2) as a starting material for other two-carbon compounds. The first of these is the single largest use of ethylene, consuming about one-half of the annual output. Polymerization (the repetitive joining of many small molecules into larger ones) of ethylene gives polyethylene, a polymer having many uses, particularly in the production of packaging films, wire coatings, and squeeze bottles. When polymerization is carried out at high pressures and temperatures, the product is called low-density polyethylene and has properties different from the high-density polyethylene formed by polymerization.
Application
Ethylene is the raw material used in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) as well as fibres and other organic chemicals. These products are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer markets such as the packaging, transportation, electrical/electronic, textile and construction industries as well as consumer chemicals, coatings and adhesives.

The largest outlet, accounting for 60% of ethylene demand globally, is polyethylene. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) mainly go into film applications such as food and non-food packaging, shrink and stretch film, and non-packaging uses. High density polyethylene (HDPE) is used primarily in blow moulding and injection moulding applications such as containers, drums, household goods, caps and pallets. HDPE can also be extruded into pipes for water, gas and irrigation, and film for refuse sacks, carrier bags and industrial lining.
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